5 Director Idd Biology jobs in the United States
Director, IDD Biology
Job Viewed
Job Description
Discovery integrated biology leader. The role in the IDD (Integrated Drug Discovery) team is an exciting scientific and problem-solving role where you enable broad global clients from VCs, stealth, biotech, academia, and large pharma to execute their discovery programs. You also support the business and functional teams through interacting with clients, attending scientific conferences, and/or providing insights as needed.
**Responsibilities**
+ Lead drug discovery integrated programs, which includes communicating with the client, internal functional teams, making scientific and operational recommendations, and coordinating and streamlining program workflows to ensure efficient execution and expansion.
+ Generate an integrated program proposal, reviewing programs, and supporting other project leaders.
+ Support the BD and marketing teams through scientific expertise, communications, and drug discovery experience.
+ Manage key accounts by serving as the main client contact for project management and client relationship development in cooperation with Business Development and Technical teams, driving service growth across in-vitro and in-vivo offerings.
+ Serve as a member of the Request Center to effectively coordinate and route client inquiries to the appropriate technical team, based on their expertise, experience, and other internal guidelines.
+ Effective collaboration within interdisciplinary teams.
+ Strategic support to internal initiatives
**Qualifications**
+ Life science Ph.D. and drug discovery and development experience in biotech or pharma with more than 8+ years of experience after Ph.D.
+ Ideal candidate must have documentable expertise in either of these categories: Neuroscience, Immunology, or broad modality independent drug discovery experience.
+ This leader must be able to review data, resolve issues, and work in a highly matrixed organization.
+ Experience working with CROs is a plus.
+ We are looking for a team player who is confident in making decisions and communicates very well.
+ Travel is required 10%, Domestic/International, Daily / Overnight
+ Excellent Oral & Written communication skills
+ Proficient in Microsoft (Excel, Word, Outlook)
**An Equal Opportunity Employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, or protected veteran status and will not be discriminated against on the basis of disability**
This job description does not state or imply that the above are the only duties and responsibilities assigned to this position. Employees holding this position will be required to perform any other job-related duties as requested by Management.
**Need help finding the right job?**
We can recommend jobs specifically for you!
An Equal Opportunity Employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, or protected veteran status and will not be discriminated against on the basis of disabilityAn Equal Opportunity Employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, or protected veteran status and will not be discriminated against on the basis of disability ( Locations** _US_
**Job ID** _ _
Job No Longer Available
This position is no longer listed on WhatJobs. The employer may be reviewing applications, filled the role, or has removed the listing.
However, we have similar jobs available for you below.
Director, Provider Relations (IDD)
Posted today
Job Viewed
Job Description
We are seeking a Director, Provider Relations (IDD) to join our team at Independent Living Systems (ILS). ILS, along with its affiliated health plans known as Florida Community Care and Florida Complete Care, is committed to promoting a higher quality of life and maximizing independence for all vulnerable populations.
About the Role:
The Director of Provider Relations (IDD) plays a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining strong, collaborative partnerships with providers serving individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD). This leadership position is responsible for developing strategic initiatives that enhance provider network capacity, quality, and compliance with regulatory standards. The role requires overseeing provider engagement, contract negotiations, and performance management to ensure the delivery of high-quality, person-centered care. The Director will work closely with internal teams and external stakeholders to address challenges, implement best practices, and drive continuous improvement in service delivery. Ultimately, this position ensures that the provider network effectively supports the health and well-being of individuals with IDD, aligning with organizational goals and regulatory requirements.
Minimum Qualifications:
- Bachelor’s degree in Health Administration, Social Work, Nursing, or a related field.
- Minimum of 7 years of experience in provider relations, network management, or a related role within the healthcare or IDD services sector.
- Demonstrated knowledge of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities service delivery systems and regulatory requirements.
- Proven experience in contract negotiation and provider performance management.
- Relevant experience may substitute education requirement on a year-for-year basis.
Preferred Qualifications:
- Master’s degree in Health Administration, Public Health, Social Work, or a related discipline.
- Experience working within Medicaid or other government-funded IDD programs.
- Familiarity with quality improvement methodologies and data analytics related to provider networks.
Responsibilities:
- Lead the development and execution of provider relations strategies specific to the IDD service network to optimize provider participation and satisfaction.
- Manage provider contracting processes, including negotiation, compliance monitoring, and renewal activities to maintain a robust and compliant provider network.
- Collaborate with clinical, operational, and quality teams to monitor provider performance, address service gaps, and implement corrective action plans as needed.
- Serve as the primary liaison between the organization and IDD providers, facilitating communication, resolving disputes, and fostering collaborative partnerships.
- Analyze provider network data and market trends to inform strategic decisions and support continuous improvement initiatives.
- Ensure adherence to all relevant federal, state, and local regulations governing IDD services and provider operations.
- Develop and deliver training and educational resources to providers to enhance service quality and compliance.
- Represent the organization at industry meetings, community forums, and stakeholder events to promote provider engagement and organizational objectives.
Associate Director: Tumor Biology Lab, ODDU

Posted today
Job Viewed
Job Description
**Job Description**
_OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE_
Are you ready to lead innovation at the cutting edge of cancer research? As the Tumor Biology Lab Head in Takeda's Oncology Drug Discovery Unit (ODDU), you'll helm a dynamic team of lab scientists, pioneering the adoption of state-of-the-art molecular and cellular biology technologies. In this pivotal role, you'll provide both scientific and strategic leadership, igniting breakthrough tumor biology projects that unravel tumor-intrinsic mechanisms and their impact on the tumor microenvironment leveraging advanced automation, digitalization, and AI/ML-driven workflows accelerate scientific discovery. Most importantly, you'll nurture a collaborative, inclusive culture that drives the success of both the ODDU and the global Takeda research community. Join us and redefine what's possible in cancer research!
_ACCOUNTABILITIES_
+ Design and implement automated, digitally enabled experimental workflows using robotics and integrated analysis platforms.
+ Ensure rigorous experimental design and data integrity to drive high-quality, reproducible results for drug discovery.
+ Collaborate across lab heads, ODDU leaders, and cross-functional partners to amplify lab impact.
+ Driven by a passion for innovation, accelerate transformative drug discovery to deliver life-changing therapies to patients with urgency and excellence
+ Serve as senior scientific advisor and project lead, providing technical guidance to teams and stakeholders.
+ Represent Takeda and ODDU at scientific meetings, business development, and candidate evaluations.
+ Maintain robust documentation (e.g., Electronic Lab Notebooks) and support regulatory submissions.
+ Mentor and develop scientific talent, fostering innovation, digital fluency, and excellence.
+ Champion Takeda's values, leadership principles, and commitment to DEI.
_EDUCATION, BEHAVIOURAL COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS_ _:_
+ PhD (6+ years), MS (12+ years), or BS (14+ years) in a scientific discipline.
+ Deep expertise in tumor biology and the tumor microenvironment.
+ Demonstrated experience implementing and optimizing digitally enabled and automated laboratory workflows (including robotics, high-throughput screening, digital data capture, and integrated analysis).
+ Proven ability to drive innovative research strategies and deliver results in drug discovery.
+ Recognized leadership in mentoring talent, establishing best practices, and ensuring experimental rigor.
+ Effective collaborator with cross-functional partners to maximize portfolio impact.
+ Strong communicator with robust scientific and regulatory documentation skills.
+ Experienced working in global teams and diverse, collaborative environments.
+ Agile, curious, and open-minded; embraces digital transformation and high engagement.
+ Embodies Takeda's values, leadership principles, DEI commitment, and an enterprise mindset.
**Takeda Compensation and Benefits Summary**
We understand compensation is an important factor as you consider the next step in your career. We are committed to equitable pay for all employees, and we strive to be more transparent with our pay practices.
**For Location:**
Boston, MA
**U.S. Base Salary Range:**
$153,600.00 - $241,340.00
The estimated salary range reflects an anticipated range for this position. The actual base salary offered may depend on a variety of factors, including the qualifications of the individual applicant for the position, years of relevant experience, specific and unique skills, level of education attained, certifications or other professional licenses held, and the location in which the applicant lives and/or from which they will be performing the job. The actual base salary offered will be in accordance with state or local minimum wage requirements for the job location.
U.S. based employees may be eligible for short-term and/ or long-term incentives. U.S. based employees may be eligible to participate in medical, dental, vision insurance, a 401(k) plan and company match, short-term and long-term disability coverage, basic life insurance, a tuition reimbursement program, paid volunteer time off, company holidays, and well-being benefits, among others. U.S. based employees are also eligible to receive, per calendar year, up to 80 hours of sick time, and new hires are eligible to accrue up to 120 hours of paid vacation.
**EEO Statement**
_Takeda is proud in its commitment to creating a diverse workforce and providing equal employment opportunities to all employees and applicants for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, parental status, national origin, age, disability, citizenship status, genetic information or characteristics, marital status, status as a Vietnam era veteran, special disabled veteran, or other protected veteran in accordance with applicable federal, state and local laws, and any other characteristic protected by law._
**Locations**
Boston, MA
**Worker Type**
Employee
**Worker Sub-Type**
Regular
**Time Type**
Full time
**Job Exempt**
Yes
It is unlawful in Massachusetts to require or administer a lie detector test as a condition of employment or continued employment. An employer who violates this law shall be subject to criminal penalties and civil liability.
IDD IVB Cell Biology Summer-Fall 2026 Co-op

Posted today
Job Viewed
Job Description
**Location:** Cambridge, MA
**About the Job**
Are you ready to shape the future of medicine? The race is on to speed up drug discovery and development to find answers for patients and their families. Your skills could be critical in helping our teams accelerate progress.
Join Sanofi's innovative team and contribute to cutting-edge drug discovery research. We are looking for a motivated student to join our Biochemistry team and utilize numerous assays to investigate small molecule modulation of target protein activity. Overall, the student will master assay development and small molecule screening processes, such as assay optimization, protein quantification, automation and statistical data handling methods.
This position will focus on setting-up and learning cell-based techniques aimed at understanding the modulation of various targets within the immunological pathways. In this position, the scientist will be responsible for characterizing several cell types using a matrix of immunology triggers to stimulate the downstream processes. The kinetics of the pathway stimulation as well as the sensitivity of the different processes to inhibition will be characterized. Overall, the student will learn sterile cell culture techniques, assay development and optimization processes, live-cell imaging skills, statistical data handling as well as gain a broad understanding of drug development.
We are an innovative global healthcare company with one purpose: to chase the miracles of science to improve people's lives. We're also a company where you can flourish and grow your career, with countless opportunities to explore, make connections with people, and stretch the limits of what you thought was possible. Ready to get started?
**Main Responsibilities**
+ Variety of cell -based assays that monitor cellular functions.
+ Learn culturing techniques for several different mammalian cell lines and primary cells (PBMC, iPSC)
+ Get exposure to multiple cellular readouts including Reporter gene assays, Cellular imaging techniques and Biomarker detection via AlphaLISA and HTRF techniques.
+ Learn procedures for High Throughput Assay Validation
+ Analyze and interpret data to support the development of novel drug candidates.
+ Document experimental results and present findings to the team.
+ Participate in lab meetings and contribute to the advancement of ongoing research projects.
**About You**
**Basic Qualifications:**
+ Currently enrolled and pursuing a Bachelor's or Master's program in Pharmacology or a related field at an accredited college or university with the expectation that you will complete your current degree by the Spring of 2027
+ Must be enrolled in school the semester following your internship/co-op with Sanofi
+ Must be able to relocate to the office location and work 40hrs/week, Monday-Friday, for the full duration of the co-op/internship
+ **Must be permanently authorized to work in the U.S. and not require sponsorship of an employment visa (e.g., H-1B or green card) at the time of application or in the future. Students currently on CPT, OPT, or STEM OPT usually require future sponsorship for long term employment and do not meet the requirements for this program unless eligible for an alternative long-term status that does not require company sponsorship**
**Preferred Qualifications**
+ A strong desire to investigate new methods from scientific literature and establish these techniques in a laboratory setting.
+ Thorough knowledge of good laboratory practices with notebook record keeping and data analysis
+ Excellent communication and problem-solving skills.
**Why Choose Us:**
+ Bring the miracles of science to life alongside a supportive, future-focused team.
+ Discover endless opportunities to grow your talent and drive your career, whether it's through a promotion or lateral move, at home or internationally.
+ Enjoy a thoughtful, well-crafted rewards package that recognizes your contribution and amplifies your impact.
+ Exposure to cutting-edge technologies and research methodologies.
+ Networking opportunities within Sanofi and the broader biotech community.
#GD-SA
#LI-SA
#LI-Onsite
#vhd
**Pursue** **_progress_** **, discover** **_extraordinary_**
Better is out there. Better medications, better outcomes, better science. But progress doesn't happen without people - people from different backgrounds, in different locations, doing different roles, all united by one thing: a desire to make miracles happen. So, let's be those people.
At Sanofi, we provide equal opportunities to all regardless of race, colour, ancestry, religion, sex, national origin, sexual orientation, age, citizenship, marital status, ability or gender identity.
Watch our ALL IN video ( and check out our Diversity Equity and Inclusion actions at sanofi.com ( !
_US and Puerto Rico Residents Only_
Sanofi Inc. and its U.S. affiliates are Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action employers committed to a culturally inclusive and diverse workforce. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race; color; creed; religion; national origin; age; ancestry; nationality; natural or protective hairstyles; marital, domestic partnership or civil union status; sex, gender, gender identity or expression; affectional or sexual orientation; disability; veteran or military status or liability for military status; domestic violence victim status; atypical cellular or blood trait; genetic information (including the refusal to submit to genetic testing) or any other characteristic protected by law.
Global Terms & Conditions and Data Privacy Statement ( is dedicated to supporting people through their health challenges. We are a global biopharmaceutical company focused on human health. We prevent illness with vaccines, provide innovative treatments to fight pain and ease suffering. We stand by the few who suffer from rare diseases and the millions with long-term chronic conditions.
With more than 100,000 people in 100 countries, Sanofi is transforming scientific innovation into healthcare solutions around the globe. Discover more about us visiting or via our movie We are Sanofi ( an organization, we change the practice of medicine; reinvent the way we work; and enable people to be their best versions in career and life. We are constantly moving and growing, making sure our people grow with us. Our working environment helps us build a dynamic and inclusive workplace operating on trust and respect and allows employees to live the life they want to live.
All in for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion at Sanofi - YouTube (
Assistant Program Director of Residential IDD Services

Posted 3 days ago
Job Viewed
Job Description
**Position:** Assistant Program Director of Residential IDD Services
**Salary Range:** $67,236 to $77,239.50, based upon education and related experience
**Schedule:** Monday through Friday, 9a to 5p with flexibility and on-call as needed
**Location:** Eastern suburbs - primary worksite is in Homestead
**JOB SUMMARY:**
This position is responsible for planning, developing, and directing IDD residential services and providing support for individuals with developmental disabilities. It is the primary duty of the assistant program director to increase program services and to ensure that all services and staff are compliant with all federal regulations (waiver standards) including all provider qualification requirements as well as all regulations established by the state Office of Developmental Disabilities Department, DPW, Allegheny County and all other federal, state and contractual agreements. This is done following the organization's Vision, Mission, and Values as well as the regulations established by ODP, Allegheny County, and HIPAA regulations.
**Key Responsibilities:**
+ Ensure all residential programs are properly licensed and staff are fully trained and oriented.
+ Manage program budgets to support cost-effective operations.
+ Collaborate with leadership to identify opportunities for program growth and funding.
+ Promote a safe and healthy environment for residents, staff, and visitors.
+ Maintain a strong, well-trained, and professional team through supervision and performance evaluations.
+ Lead regular team meetings and ensure compliance with state and agency standards.
+ Oversee incident management, including staff training, reporting, and quality review.
+ Manage recruitment, interviewing, and hiring for residential staff roles.
+ Provide coaching, guidance, and support to team members to foster professional growth.
Keywords: _Program development, Staff supervision, Service expansion, Mission-driven leadership, Human services management, Residential Services Director, Developmental Disabilities Services_
**Qualifications**
**EDUCATION and EXPERIENCE:** Master's degree in Human Services and three years IDD related experience, including two (2) years as a supervisor, or bachelor's degree and five years IDD-related experience, including two (2) years as a supervisor, or an associate's degree and eight (8) years IDD related experience, including four (4) years as a supervisor.
**ADDITIONAL EXPERIENCE:** Prior experience working with cognitively challenged adults, program management, supervisory experience, possesses excellent communication/public relations skills, a valid driver's license, be at least 18 years old and Act 33 and 34 clearances.
**PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS:** Physical effort for this position will require balancing, stooping, standing, walking,
pushing, pulling, lifting 10 pounds, grasping, talking, hearing, repetitive motion, reading, writing, driving, sitting, and
stepping. The physical demands described are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential duties and responsibilities of this job.
Devereux has a zero-tolerance policy for abuse and maintains policies and procedures to systematically reduce the risk of abuse to occur in our organization. Devereux fosters a culture of reporting abuse, and will cooperate with the authorities to the fullest extent possible.
#sponsored
**Company Overview**
**Company Overview**
Devereux is one of the nation's largest nonprofit organizations, providing services, insight and leadership in the evolving field of behavioral healthcare. Founded in 1912, Devereux operates a comprehensive national network of clinical, therapeutic, educational and employment programs that positively impact the lives of 10,000+ children, adults - and their families - every year.
**Our Mission:** Devereux changes lives - by unlocking and nurturing human potential for people living with emotional, behavioral or cognitive differences.
With nearly 6,500 employees working in programs across the country, Devereux is a trusted partner for families, schools and communities, serving individuals in the areas of autism, intellectual and developmental disabilities, specialty mental health, education and foster care.
**Our Culture, Our Expectations**
At Devereux, Servant Leadership is embedded throughout our culture and every aspect of our organizational framework. Our mission-driven, people-first mindset is at the heart of the compassionate and high-quality programming we provide - every day - for the individuals and families we serve, and other key stakeholders. Devereux offers challenging and exciting work, and our team environment creates an empowering, positive and rewarding atmosphere. To be successful at Devereux, you will: put the needs of others first, feel called to serve and called to lead. As a member of our team, you will be a significant part of our commitment to providing a welcoming and supportive work environment across all programs and services, and within all policies and employee practices.
We believe a workplace rooted in inclusivity - offering a sense of belonging to all those who walk through our doors - is fundamental to delivering the highest quality healthcare services. Through open dialogue and the creation of brave spaces, we will engage in work that gives each of us a chance to change the world - one person, one family, one community at a time.
**What Devereux Offers You**
In addition to a competitive salary, Devereux provides a comprehensive health and welfare program to eligible full-time employees, family members and domestic partners. Eligible employees are eligible to start benefits after **30 days** of employment. In addition, we offer;
+ Medical (including telemedicine via phone, web, app), dental, prescription drug, preventative care, and mental health services.
+ Student loan debt assistance, tuition reimbursement and continuing education assistance.
+ Generous time-off (start accruing 1st day), 403(b) retirement plan with matching benefit, and voluntary/employee paid supplemental life and accident coverage.
+ Employee assistance / work-life balance program.
**Visit see why Devereux is a great place to work!**
_Devereux is a drug-free workplace, drug screening required. EOE_
**Posted Date** _2 weeks ago_ _(9/30/ :41 AM)_
**_Requisition ID_** _ _
**_Category_** _Program Mgmt_
**_Position Type_** _Full-Time_
**_Remote_** _No_
The employment policies of Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health are to recruit and hire qualified employees without discrimination because of race, religion, creed, color, age, sex, marital status, national origin, citizenship status, ancestry, disability, veteran status, communication ability, gender identity or expression or sexual orientation and to treat them equally with respect to compensation and opportunities for advancement - including upgrading, promotion and transfer - consistent with individual skills and the needs of Devereux.
Director, Patent Attorney - Genetics and Computational Biology

Posted 21 days ago
Job Viewed
Job Description
The RGC utilizes genetic, proteomic, and health data from millions of individuals to enhance knowledge of human diseases and support Regeneron's therapeutic programs. The RGC seeks to improve patient care through such methods that facilitate drug discovery and development, by identifying new drug targets and via precision medicine clinical trials.
**_This role will require at least 4 days per week onsite at our Global HQ Campus in Tarrytown, NY. This role is not available as fully remote / hybrid work. Relocation benefits may be available for eligible candidates._**
**A typical day may include:**
+ Work with scientists at the Regeneron Genetics Center to identify new inventions stemming from polygenic and proteomic risk scores, precision medicine-based therapeutics approaches, and computational genetics technologies, including AI/ML technologies.
+ Work with other scientists and groups across Regeneron, including Global Development and IT, to similarly identify new inventions.
+ Attend RGC meetings to track developments, engage with RGC and other scientists, and strategize for formal IP protection.
+ Work with outside counsel to prepare and prosecute worldwide patent application portfolios.
+ Conduct patent landscape overviews, freedom-to-operate analyses, and validity assessments of third-party IP.
+ Support due diligence projects, agreements, and transactions related to over 120 research and development collaborations, including collaborating with research program managers, alliance managers, and business development teams to manage IP in such arrangements.
+ Provide training programs to help RGC scientists protect Regeneron's intellectual property.
+ Stay abreast of US and international legislative developments impacting genetics and proteomics innovations and advise senior attorneys and scientists on navigating these changes.
+ Assist in other processes for safeguarding Regeneron's most valuable IP assets, including IP risk assessment and mitigation, AI governance, and data protection and cybersecurity initiatives.
+ Collaborate with IT, Privacy, Trade Secrets, and other relevant groups on various data protection work streams to safeguard Regeneron IP on internal IT systems as well as third-party (e.g., vendor) systems.
**This role may be for you if you have:**
+ Above all, a business-oriented approach to IP protection.
+ Excellent oral, written, presentation, and client counseling skills.
+ Extensive experience in collaborating with leading scientists and business units to oversee patent filings, safeguard trade secrets, and manage administrative patent actions, including post-grant oppositions within Europe.
+ A consummate appetite for learning new law, science, and about all facets of Regeneron's business of bringing medicines to patients.
+ An ability to work independently while meeting deadlines and juggling multiple matters.
+ An ability to work collaboratively across all organizational levels.
**To be considered for this role, you must possess a Ph.D. in a relevant life sciences field (e.g., genetics, bioinformatics, cell biology, immunology, or related disciplines) and a Juris Doctorate from an accredited law school. You must be admitted to practice before the USPTO and licensed to practice law in at least one state (member of the NY bar or eligible for in-house licensure in NY). You must have 4-8 years of experience in a law firm or a corporate law department preparing and prosecuting patent applications in the relevant technical areas.**
Does this sound like you? Apply now to take your first step towards living the Regeneron Way! We have an inclusive and diverse culture that provides comprehensive benefits, which often include (depending on location) health and wellness programs, fitness centers, equity awards, annual bonuses, and paid time off for eligible employees at all levels!
Regeneron is an equal opportunity employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion or belief (or lack thereof), sex, nationality, national or ethnic origin, civil status, age, citizenship status, membership of the Traveler community, sexual orientation, disability, genetic information, familial status, marital or registered civil partnership status, pregnancy or parental status, gender identity, gender reassignment, military or veteran status, or any other protected characteristic in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. The Company will also provide reasonable accommodation to the known disabilities or chronic illnesses of an otherwise qualified applicant for employment, unless the accommodation would impose undue hardship on the operation of the Company's business.
For roles in which the hired candidate will be working in the U.S., the salary ranges provided are shown in accordance with U.S. law and apply to U.S.-based positions. For roles which will be based in Japan and/or Canada, the salary ranges are shown in accordance with the applicable local law and currency. If you are outside the U.S, Japan or Canada, please speak with your recruiter about salaries and benefits in your location.
Please note that certain background checks will form part of the recruitment process. Background checks will be conducted in accordance with the law of the country where the position is based, including the type of background checks conducted. The purpose of carrying out such checks is for Regeneron to verify certain information regarding a candidate prior to the commencement of employment such as identity, right to work, educational qualifications etc.
**Salary Range (annually)**
$202,000.00 - $336,600.00
Be The First To Know
About the latest Director idd biology Jobs in United States !